Ekupheleni kuka-2021, i-Indonesia (ebizwa ngokuba yi-Indonesia) ineetoni ezingama-800 000 ze-tin ore ezigciniweyo, ezibalelwa kwi-16% yehlabathi, kwaye umlinganiselo wemveliso egciniweyo ubuneminyaka eli-15, ungaphantsi komndilili wehlabathi weminyaka eli-17. Izixhobo ze-tin ore ezikhoyo e-Indonesia zineendawo ezinzulu ezinezinga eliphantsi, kwaye imveliso ye-tin ore incitshisiwe kakhulu. Okwangoku, ubunzulu bokumbiwa komgodi we-tin wase-Indonesia bunciphile ukusuka kwiimitha ezingama-50 ngaphantsi komphezulu ukuya kwiimitha ezili-100 ~ 150 ngaphantsi komphezulu. Ubunzima bokumbiwa bunyukile, kwaye imveliso yomgodi we-tin wase-Indonesia nayo yehlile unyaka nonyaka, ukusuka kwincopho yeetoni ezili-104500 ngo-2011 ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-53000 ngo-2020. Nangona i-Indonesia isengumthengisi wesibini ngobukhulu we-tin ore kwihlabathi, isabelo sayo semveliso ye-tin yehlabathi sehle ukusuka kwi-35% ngo-2011 ukuya kwi-20% ngo-2020.

Njengomvelisi wesibini ngobukhulu we-tin ecociweyo ehlabathini, ukuhanjiswa kwe-tin ecociweyo e-Indonesia kubaluleke kakhulu, kodwa ukuhanjiswa kwe-tin ecociweyo e-Indonesia kunye nokuguquguquka kwayo kubonisa umkhwa wokuhla.

Okokuqala, umgaqo-nkqubo wokuthumela ngaphandle i-ore eluhlaza e-Indonesia waqhubeka uqina. NgoNovemba 2021, uMongameli wase-Indonesia uJoko Widodo wathi uza kuyimisa ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-ore ye-tin e-Indonesia ngo-2024. Ngo-2014, uMphathiswa wezoRhwebo wase-Indonesia wakhupha umgaqo-nkqubo worhwebo onguNombolo 44 ukuthintela ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-ore eluhlaza, onjongo yawo ikukunciphisa ukulahleka kwenani elikhulu lezixhobo ze-tin ngamaxabiso aphantsi nokuphucula ukongezwa kweshishini layo le-tin kunye nelizwi lamaxabiso ezixhobo ze-tin. Emva kokuphunyezwa komgaqo-nkqubo, imveliso yomgodi we-tin e-Indonesia inciphile. Ngo-2020, umlinganiselo ohambelanayo womgodi we-tin / imveliso ye-tin ecociweyo e-Indonesia yi-0.9 kuphela. Njengoko amandla okunyibilikisa e-Indonesia esezantsi kunalawo e-tin ore, kwaye amandla okunyibilikisa asekhaya kunzima ukuwagaya i-ore ye-tin eyayithunyelwa ngaphandle okokuqala kwixesha elifutshane, imveliso ye-ore ye-tin e-Indonesia inciphile ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokunyibilikisa zelizwe. Ukususela ngo-2019, umlinganiselo wokulinganisa wemveliso yetini ecociweyo yomgodi wetini wase-Indonesia ube ngaphantsi kwe-1, ngelixa umlinganiselo wokulinganisa ngo-2020 uyi-0.9 kuphela. Imveliso yetini ayikwazanga ukuhlangabezana nemveliso yetini ecociweyo yasekhaya.

Okwesibini, ukwehla ngokubanzi komgangatho wezixhobo e-Indonesia, okujongene neengxaki zokwahlulwa kwezixhobo zomhlaba kunye nobunzima obandayo bokwembiwa kwesinyithi phantsi kolwandle, okunciphisa imveliso yesinyithi. Okwangoku, umgodi wesinyithi ongaphantsi kwamanzi yeyona nto iphambili kwimveliso yesinyithi e-Indonesia. Ukwembiwa kwesinyithi ongaphantsi kwamanzi kunzima kwaye kuyabiza, kwaye imveliso yesinyithi nayo iya kuphazamiseka ngamaxesha athile onyaka.

Inkampani iTianma yeyona nkampani ivelisa itini enkulu eIndonesia, apho i-90% yomhlaba ivunyelwe ukuba ivunywe ukuba ivunywe, kwaye imveliso yayo yetini elunxwemeni ithatha i-94%. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yolawulo olubi lwenkampani iTianma, amalungelo ayo okumba aye asetyenziswa kakhulu linani elikhulu labavukuzi abancinci abazimeleyo, kwaye inkampani iTianma inyanzelekile ukuba iqinise ulawulo lwayo kumalungelo okumba kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Okwangoku, imveliso yemigodi yetini yenkampani ixhomekeke kakhulu kwimigodi yetini engaphantsi kwamanzi, kwaye umlinganiselo wemveliso yemigodi yetini elunxwemeni unyuke ukusuka kwi-54% ngo-2010 ukuya kwi-94% ngo-2020. Ekupheleni kuka-2020, inkampani iTianma ineetoni ezili-16000 kuphela zemithombo ye-tin ore ekumgangatho ophezulu.

Imveliso yesinyithi sentsimbi yenkampani iTianma ibonisa ukuhla kwayo iyonke. Ngo-2019, imveliso yesinyithi yenkampani iTianma ifikelele kwiitoni ezingama-76000, kunye nokunyuka kwe-128% ngonyaka, oku kukwinqanaba eliphezulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Oku bekubangelwa ikakhulu kukuphunyezwa kwemithetho emitsha yokuthumela ngaphandle e-Indonesia kwikota yesine ka-2018, eyavumela inkampani iTianma ukuba ifumane imveliso yabavukuzi abangekho mthethweni ngaphakathi koluhlu lwelayisenisi ngokwezibalo, kodwa amandla okwenyani emveliso yesinyithi yenkampani awazange anyuke. Ukususela ngoko, imveliso yesinyithi yenkampani iTianma iqhubekile nokuhla. Kwikota ezintathu zokuqala zika-2021, imveliso yesinyithi ecociweyo yenkampani iTianma yayiziitoni ezili-19000, ukwehla kwe-49% ngonyaka.

Okwesithathu, amashishini amancinci abucala okunyibilikisa isinyithi abe yeyona nto iphambili ekunikezelweni kweetini ezicociweyo kwi

Kwixesha elizayo, izixhobo zesinyithi zase-Indonesia ziya kugxila kwizixhobo zokunyibilikisa ezinkulu

Kutshanje, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwe-tin ingot e-Indonesia kuye kwanda unyaka nonyaka, ikakhulu ngenxa yokukhula kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwe-tin ingot evela kubanyibilikisi babucala. Ekupheleni kuka-2020, umthamo uwonke we-tin ecociweyo yamashishini abucala okunyibilikisa e-Indonesia wawumalunga neetoni ezingama-50000, nto leyo ethetha i-62% yomthamo uwonke wase-Indonesia. Uphawu oluphawulekayo lokumbiwa kwe-tin kunye nokumbiwa kwe-tin ecociweyo e-Indonesia kukuba uninzi lwazo luveliswa ngamashishini abucala, kwaye imveliso iya kulungiswa ngokuguquguqukayo ngokwenqanaba lexabiso. Xa ixabiso le-tin liphezulu, amashishini amancinci anyusa imveliso ngoko nangoko, kwaye xa ixabiso le-tin lihla, akhetha ukuvala umthamo wemveliso. Ke ngoko, imveliso ye-tin ore kunye ne-tin ecociweyo e-Indonesia inokuguquguquka okukhulu kunye nokungaqiniseki okubi.

Kwikota ezintathu zokuqala zowama-2021, i-Indonesia ithumele ngaphandle iitoni ezingama-53000 zetin ecociweyo, ukunyuka kwe-4.8% kwixesha elifanayo ngo-2020. Umbhali ukholelwa ukuba ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwetin ecociweyo yabanyibilikisi babucala basekuhlaleni kuye kwalungisa umsantsa wokwehla kwemveliso yetin ecociweyo yenkampani iTianma. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukwandiswa komthamo kunye nomthamo wokuthumela ngaphandle wabanyibilikisi babucala kuya kuqhubeka kulawulwa luphononongo olungqongqo lokukhusela okusingqongileyo e-Indonesia. Ukusukela ngoJanuwari 2022, urhulumente wase-Indonesia akakakhuphi ilayisenisi entsha yokuthumela ngaphandle itin ngokusebenzisa utshintshiselwano.

Umbhali ukholelwa ukuba kwixesha elizayo, izixhobo zetin zase-Indonesia ziya kugxila ngakumbi kwizixhobo zokunyibilikisa isinyithi ezinkulu, amathuba okukhula okukhulu kwemveliso yetin ecociweyo yamashishini amancinci aya kuba ncinci, imveliso yetin ecociweyo iya kuhlala izinzile, kwaye ukuthamba kwemveliso kuya kwehla ngokucwangcisiweyo. Ngokuhla kwenqanaba le-ore yetin eluhlaza e-Indonesia, indlela yokuvelisa amancinci yamashishini amancinci iya isiba yingxaki ngakumbi, kwaye inani elikhulu lamashishini amancinci liya kucinywa kwimarike. Emva kokwaziswa komthetho omtsha wemigodi wase-Indonesia, ukunikezelwa kwe-ore eluhlaza yetin kuya kuphuma ngakumbi kumashishini amakhulu, okuya kuba "nefuthe lokuxinana" ekunikezelweni kwe-ore eluhlaza yetin kumashishini amancinci okunyibilikisa isinyithi.